🌱[22-7-29 Fri] low birth rate and rapid aging

1. The total population of South Korea fell for the first time last year / due to the country's low birth rate and rapid aging.

낮은 출생률과 급속한 고령화로 지난해 우리나라 전체 인구수가 처음으로 감소했습니다.

• The total population: 총 인구 (국내 거주 외국인 포함)
• 출산율: 가임기 여성 인구를 토대로 나온 수치
  출생률: 남녀노소를 모두 포함한 전체 인구 대비 출생아 수

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2. Bangladesh has asked the International Monetary fund for a loan, reportedly seeking $4.5 billion.

방글라데시가 국제통화기금 IMF에 45억 달러, 우리 돈 약 5조 4천억 원 규모의 차관을 요청했습니다.

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3. Australia’s inflation rate rose 6.1 percent in the June quarter, the fastest annual pace in 21 years / as consumers forked out more for everything from fuel to food.

호주의 2분기 소비자물가 상승률이 6.1%로, 21년 만에 최고치를 기록했습니다. 이로써 소비자들은 연료에서 식료품에 이르기까지 더 많은 돈을 지출한 것으로 나타났습니다.

• the June quarter: 4~6월에 해당하는 기간 = 즉, 2분기 (second quarter)
• the fastest annual pace: 연간 가장 빠른 속도
• fork out: (마지못해) 지불하다, 돈을 내다

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4. The leaders of Japan and Indonesia have agreed to strengthen their ties in maritime security / as well as increase cooperation on climate change, energy and investment between the two Asian archipelago nations.

일본과 인도네시아 두 정상이 해양 안보 관계를 강화하는 한편, 기후 변화와 에너지 및 투자에 관한 협력도 증대하기로 합의했습니다.

• maritime security: 해양 안보
• between the two Asian archipelago nations: 아시아의 두 열도 국가 간의 (여기서는 일본과 인도네시아를 지칭)
• - archipelago [ ˌɑːrkɪˈpeləɡoʊ ] : 다도해, 군도, 열도

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5. A recently finished $588 million bridge in Los Angeles / has been closed / only two weeks after it opened / due to illegal activity and public safety.

미국 로스앤젤레스 시내에 5억 8천800만 달러, 우리 돈 약 7천700억원을 들여 만든 다리가 개통된 지 불과 2주 만에 불법 활동과 공공 안전 문제로 폐쇄됐습니다.

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 The World’s Largest Hornet Is Getting a New Name

 Oliver Whang c.2022 The New York Times Company

It’s big. It’s bad. It will take off your head, eat your family and destroy your home. If you are a honeybee, that is.

Since it was found in the Pacific Northwest in 2019, the world’s largest hornet, Vespa mandarinia, has concerned environmentalists and beekeepers alike. The insect, native to (유래한, 토종인) parts of Asia, is usually around 1 1/2 inches long with a wide, mustard-colored head and a striped body. It has an appetite for (~에 대한 식욕이 있다, ~을 좋아하다) bees and other insects and can decimate hives (벌집을 없애다) in hours. Its presence in North America has sparked a desperate effort to eradicate the small population before it is permanently established.

• alike 둘 다, 똑같이(앞에 두 사람/집단에 대한 언급이 나옴)
• decimate: 대량으로 죽이다, 심하게 훼손하다

Mandarinia’s superlative size (거대한 크기), painful sting and violent tendencies have made it a popular topic in the media, where it has been referred to as the “Asian giant hornet (말벌)” and the “murder hornet.” On Monday, though, the Entomological Society of America, or ESA, introduced a new common name for the insect: the Northern giant hornet.

• hornet (>> wasp) 말벌 (cf. honeybee 꿀벌)

Chris Looney, an entomologist (곤충학자) at the Washington State Department of Agriculture who has been leading efforts to control the spread of the hornets, wrote the official proposal to change the insect’s name. He cited various reasons for doing so, including the rise of anti-Asian hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Connecting a scary insect, already associated with murder and attempted eradication, to Asia might stoke more anti-Asian sentiment (반아시아 정서를 더욱 부추기다).

• stoke: 1.불을 때다, 연료를 더 넣다  2.(감정을) 더 부추기다[돋우다]
• Stoke up for the day on a good breakfast. 그 날 하루를 위해 아침은 든든히 먹어 두어라.

“Calling it the Asian giant hornet wasn’t very descriptive (정확한 / 묘사하는, 서술하는) because a number of related giant hornets come from Asia,” said Jessica Ware, an entomologist and president of the Entomological Society of America. “And then murder hornet wasn’t very descriptive, either, because they don’t murder people.”

Although its sting can induce swelling, excruciating pain (극심한 고통) and sometimes deadly allergic reactions, the northern giant hornet is not aggressive toward humans — and it’s unlikely that any could have “malice aforethought (계획적인 범행 의사(살의))” in related fatalities. Even in targeting other insects, Ware raised doubts as to (~에 대해서 의구심을 일으키다, 의혹을 불러 일으키다) whether the hornet’s behavior could be described as murder. “I don’t know that insects are capable of murder,” she said. “We don’t say that lions are murderers when they hunt.”

• ingrown toenail 내향성 발톱

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Early Europeans Could Not Tolerate Milk but Drank It Anyway, Study Finds

Carl Zimmer c.2022 The New York Times Company

Scientists have long suspected (오랫동안 의심해왔다) that dairy consumption and the persistence of lactase rose together in human history. When people started herding cattle (소를 목축하는) and other livestock some 10,000 years ago, the theory went, those with a mutation for lactase persistence (락타아제 지속성 유전 형질) gained a new source of calories and protein. People without the mutation, in contrast, became sick when they tried to consume milk and so did not take advantage of (~을 이용하다) the new milk supply.

• lactase [ lǽkteis,-teiz ] : 락타아제 (우유에 함유된 유당을 분해하는 효소)
• like herding cats  불가능한 일

But a new study of ancient human DNA and milk-drenched (우유에 젖은) pottery shards suggests that the traditional story does not hold up. “Something was not quite right with the received wisdom,” said Richard Evershed, a biogeochemist at the University of Bristol in England, and an author of the study.

• shard ( sherd ) 명사 (유리·금속 등의) 조각[파편]
• hold up: ~을 떠받치다 (여기서는 “성립하다”라는 의미로 의역) (이거 말이 안 되는데. It doesn't hold up.)

Evershed and his colleagues found that Europeans were consuming milk without lactase for thousands of years, despite the misery from gas and cramping (가스 또는 위경련) it might have caused. The scientists argue that the lactase mutation (락타아제 돌연변이) only became important to survival when Europeans began enduring epidemics and famines (전염병과 기근을 견디는): During those periods, their poor health would have exacerbated gastric distress (위경련이 악화되다), leading to life-threatening diarrhea.

To see how this mutation affected people today, the researchers joined forces with (~와 힘을 합치다) George Davey Smith, a public health researcher at the University of Bristol. Davey Smith has carried out a number of studies on the health of living British people by analyzing a large database called UK Biobank. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers have submitted their DNA to the effort, along with (~을 따라서, ~와 마찬가지로) their electronic health records and answers to questionnaires.

The analysis delivered some surprising results: People without the lactase mutation consume about as much milk as people who carry it. Yet people who cannot make the enzyme do not suffer any significant health problems. They do not die at a higher rate (더 높은 비율로), they do not have weaker bones and they have just as many children as people with the mutation do.

When people began living with large numbers of domesticated animals (가축 ( <-> wild animals)), their interactions created the opportunity for pathogens (병원균) to jump the species barrier and cause outbreaks ((전쟁, 질병 등의) 발생, 발발). Many of those pathogens may have triggered more diarrhea-causing diseases. People who could not make lactase might have suffered even more diarrhea during their infections, pushing them closer to death.

“You dehydrate and die,” Evershed said.

But for those who could tolerate it, milk could have restored fluid levels, making it more likely that they could recover from the infection.